Designing a 3D printed human derived artificial myo-structure for anal sphincter defects in anorectal malformations and adult secondary damage

Fecal incontinence (FI) is a major social and economic burden. Adults suffering from post-surgery consequences or
trauma and children affected by congenital anorectal malformations are the main categories of patients suffering from
FI due to defective sphincter complex. Current therapeutic options for FI are often only partially effective, require
lifelong care and are resource consuming. Besides, in both congenital and acquired anal sphincter defects, muscle
damage is often irregular, leading to a diffuse derangement not suitable for surgical repair. In this context, regenerative
medicine offers an increasing number of theoretically suitable solutions to restore sphincter structures, but only a few
preclinical studies have been published regarding the use of cell therapy, biomaterials or tissue engineered structures
for FI application. Here we present, for the first time, the generation of an in vitro engineered muscular sphincter using
a population of adult human perivascular stem cells (pericytes) and 3D bioprinting. 3D bioprinting is an emerging
technology for fabricating artificial tissue and organ constructs, which lends itself perfectly to the design of muscle
constructs for anal sphincter repair. In our approach, 3D functional constructs have been created by simultaneously
depositing cells and supporting material in a spatially defined, layer-by-layer stacking organization, generating a
biomimetic spatial arrangement. Specifically, we developed a 3D myo-structure starting from human muscle derived
pericytes, perivascular stem cells able to undergo robust myogenesis while also guaranteeing a rapid vascularization
supporting and recruiting new blood vessels. The results presented here represent a pre-clinic study that strongly
supports the feasibility of this innovative approach to treat the forms of fecal incontinence that are unresponsive to
conservative treatments.